Combined Bending and Axial Tension

Checks a cross-section in combined bending about the major axes, and tension parallel to the grain according to Clause 6.2.3.

All references to EN 1995-1-1:2004+A2:2014 unless otherwise stated.

Cross-section Inputs tab

Timber class

The timber strength class of the cross-section. See the timber database page for the types supported by Teretron.

Cross-section type

The geometry type of the cross-section.

Width $b$

The width of a rectangular cross-section, in mm.

Depth $h$

The depth of a rectangular cross-section, in mm.

Diameter $d$

The diameter of a circular cross-section, in mm.

Area $A$

The cross-sectional area of a generic cross-section, in ${mm^2}$.

Section modulus $W_y$

The section modulus about the y-y axis of a generic cross-section, in ${mm^3}$.

Section modulus $W_z$

The section modulus about the z-z axis of a generic cross-section, in ${mm^3}$.

Area reduction $ΔA$

Section modulus reduction $ΔW$

The area and section modulus reductions ΔΑ and ΔW refer to reductions in the nominal cross-section size that have to be taken into account in the calculation of the member strength (e.g. holes from fasteners) according to Subclause 5.2(2).

They should be given as percentages of the total nominal area and section modulus of the cross-section.

Contribution of cross-section size on the determination of member strength properties

Includes factors $k_h$ (or $k_l$ for LVL) for the calculation of the member strength in solid timber, glulam and LVL, according to Clauses 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4.

For LVL members, the length of the member is also required.

Contribution of the load distribution system in the member strength properties

Includes factor $k_{sys}$ for the calculation of the member strength, according to Clause 6.6, for a member that functions as part of a continuous load distribution system.

Note that Subclause 6.6(3) states that the strength verification for a continuous load distribution system should be carried out assuming short-term load duration.

Loading Inputs tab

Design tensile force $F_{t,0,d}$

The design value of the tensile force parallel to the grain, in kN.

Design moment $M_{y,d}$

The design value of the bending moment about the y-y axis, in kNm.

Design moment $M_{z,d}$

The design value of the bending moment about the z-z axis, in kNm.

Load duration class

The Load Duration Class, as defined in Clause 2.3.1.2.

Service class

The Service Class, taking into account the temperature and relative humidity of the environment, as described in Clause 2.3.1.3.

$k_{mod}$

Factor $k_{mod}$ taking into account the effect of the duration of the loads and the moisture content, according to Clause 3.1.3.

Fire Design tab

Active

Selects if this cross-section will also be designed against fire.

Cross-section surface

Defines if the cross-section surface is unprotected (exposed to fire on all sides) or is protected (on all sides).

Time of fire exposure t

The time of the exposure of the cross-section to fire, in minutes.

Time $t_{ch}$

The time of exposure of a protected cross-section to fire until it starts to char, in minutes.

Time $t_f$

The time of exposure of a protected cross-section to fire until the protection fails completely, in minutes.

Note that this is can be longer (but not shorter) than $t_ch$.

Factor $k_2$

Factor $k_2$ defines the charring rate of a protected cross-section between the time it starts to char and the time the protection fails completely.

It is required when $t_{ch}$ has a different value to $t_f$.

Theoretical charring rate $β_n$

The theoretical charring rate of the timber, in mm per minute.

It is required for plywood where the relevant standards do not provide a default value